At the end of Petra's narrow Siq, the sandstone gorge suddenly opens onto one of the ancient world's most celebrated monuments. The Treasury, or Al-Khazneh, rises in front of visitors with columns, sculpted figures, and an elaborate facade carved directly into the rock. Yet the open ground below its famous entrance preserves a second, less familiar archaeological story: a sequence of burial chambers cut into the rock beneath the courtyard.
In 2024, renewed excavations at this site brought striking attention to Tomb 62C, human skeletal remains, and objects buried near the monument. News coverage often presented the work as the discovery of a secret tomb, with an unusual pottery vessel compared to the fictional Holy Grail from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. The real importance of the excavation, however, lies in a much richer question: what can deposits beneath the Treasury reveal about the chronology and funerary practices of Nabataean Petra?
Crucially, Tomb 62C was identified in 2003 and partially excavated in 2005. The work of 2024 did not erase or replace those earlier Jordanian discoveries. It extended a research history through geophysical surveying, carefully documented excavation, sampling, and modern digital recording. New publications in 2025 and 2026 help place the highly publicized finds into a more reliable scholarly framework.
This article investigates the 2024 Petra Treasury excavation, the earlier work that made it possible, and the archaeological questions still awaiting answers. It separates what was recovered from what has merely been proposed: the people in the graves cannot yet be identified as Nabataean royalty; the ceramic vessel is not an authenticated religious relic; and not every underground radar anomaly is a confirmed chamber. The evidence is fascinating enough without these additions.
 |
| AI-generated illustrative view of Al-Khazneh, Petra's famous Nabataean rock-cut monument. Not an archaeological photograph. |
Petra and the Nabataeans: A Historical Setting for the Treasury
Petra, situated in southern Jordan between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea, developed into a major center of the Nabataean Kingdom. Its location connected it with routes reaching Arabia, Egypt, Syria, and the Mediterranean world. Nabataean economic activity was important, but it does not explain their entire society: archaeology also reveals temples, inscriptions, domestic spaces, pottery, workshops, hydraulic installations, and a landscape of rock-cut graves.
The UNESCO World Heritage description of Petra emphasizes a city simultaneously constructed and carved into stone, in which Eastern traditions and Hellenistic architectural forms intersected. Dams, channels, and reservoirs made life possible in an environment where water had to be carefully managed. Monumental facades likewise demonstrate the technical abilities of local artisans and the resources available to important patrons.
Petra's Peak and the Reign of Aretas IV
The Nabataean Kingdom flourished in the last centuries BCE and the first century CE. Aretas IV ruled from 9 BCE to 40 CE, a period often associated with Petra's monumental development. Scholars sometimes connect the Treasury's broad architectural date with his reign. That association should not be mistaken for a surviving dedication naming him as its builder, or proof that his remains were buried there.
Rome annexed the Nabataean Kingdom in 106 CE, but Petra remained occupied and culturally active under subsequent administrations. Tombs and courtyards could be altered or revisited after their original construction. Consequently, the date of one burial deposit does not automatically equal the date when the great facade was carved.
What Was Petra's Treasury Originally Built For?
Al-Khazneh's exterior incorporates columns, pediments, carved decorative details, and an upper circular structure often called a tholos. Its exceptionally ornate public face contrasts with comparatively restrained interior spaces. A funerary or commemorative interpretation is widely considered plausible, but the original patron, exact construction date, and intended occupant remain disputed.
The name Treasury belongs to later tradition. Stories that the monument concealed stores of gold are not supported by its archaeological record. Its role in popular cinema contributed to the monument's modern fame, but fictional narratives cannot be used as evidence for Nabataean ritual or burial history.
The discovery of tomb structures in the court has made the monument's chronological history more complex. Were some chambers already present when the main facade was cut? Did access routes or courtyard levels change? Which burial episodes belonged to the same phase of activity? Answering these questions requires excavation and close attention to the relationship between architecture, sediments, human remains, and finds.
The Real Discovery Timeline: Petra's Treasury Tombs from 2003 to 2026
The discovery cannot responsibly be reduced to the year 2024. Several teams investigated this location over more than two decades, and a sound account must acknowledge both the earliest fieldwork and the newer studies. The American Center of Research's clarification of the Petra excavations explicitly describes the historical sequence and credits the work of Jordan's Department of Antiquities.
2003: Jordanian Archaeologists Identify the Buried Tombs
A team led by Suleiman Farajat and Sami Nawafleh investigated the courtyard in front of Al-Khazneh in 2003. Its work established the presence of rock-cut burial spaces, including tombs designated 62D and 62E, and identified the existence of Tomb 62C. This initial evidence demonstrated that the apparently open court was underlain by an older and more complicated architectural landscape.
The original account is preserved by Jordan's Department of Antiquities in the 2003-season excavation report published in Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 49 (2005, pp. 373–393). Its accessible catalogue page provides a stable institutional record of the work. This source is especially valuable because it places the first discoveries before later international television coverage.
2005: Tomb 62C Is Excavated and Human Remains Are Recorded
Work continued in 2005. Researchers excavated Tomb 62C and reported remains representing at least eleven people, including adults and younger individuals. They documented a divided burial chamber and material that had undergone significant disturbance. Pottery and other objects were not all found in undisturbed original positions, and signs of earlier looting complicated interpretation.
Farajat and Nawafleh's later study, The Excavations of the Al-Khazna Courtyard in Petra, Jordan: Second Season 2005, appeared in the Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology, volume 19, issue 1 (2025). The linked research record displays its bibliographic information and abstract; it does not provide unrestricted access to the full article. Its summary confirms both the minimum burial count and substantial prior disturbance.
 |
| Illustrative reconstruction of a stone-lined burial feature. This is not a photograph of Tomb 62C or the 2024 Petra Treasury excavation. |
This matters when comparing the 2005 record with the renewed work of 2024. Numbers quoted in different excavation seasons should not be added mechanically. Specialists must determine whether remains belong to separate individuals, different episodes of burial, or deposits partly observed during earlier investigations.
February 2024: Ground-Penetrating Radar and Flood-Management Questions
A new collaborative project began with geophysical investigations in February 2024. Specialists employed ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic conductivity methods to examine the courtyard, areas near the Siq, and the wider setting around the monument. The investigations were connected partly with planning for improved water management, since intense runoff poses a risk to Petra's fragile architecture and visitor routes.
The project was described in Remote Sensing at the Treasury in Petra, ACOR Newsletter 36.1 (September 2024). The paper describes the survey's methods, practical heritage-management aims, and anomalies that suggested buried features.
July–August 2024: Archaeological Testing at Tomb 62C
Later that year, researchers returned to test the geophysical interpretations through controlled excavation. According to ACOR, thirty-eight excavators, archaeologists, and specialists worked at and near Tomb 62C, with most participants being Jordanian. The project expanded the documentation of underground architecture, recovered additional burial evidence, and collected samples using techniques not generally available during the earlier campaign.
The University of St Andrews' October 2024 announcement reported twelve skeletons during the renewed investigation. That contemporary description is worth recording, but the full biography and total number of individuals represented across the excavation history remain matters for specialist study.
2025–2026: Scientific Reports Add Context to the Headlines
Subsequent publications have made the project easier to evaluate. In Shining New Light on Petra's Treasury, ACOR Newsletter 37.1 (September 2025), Pearce Paul Creasman described the sampling, modern scanning, and the need to refine the site's construction and reuse sequence.
In August 2026, Matthew L. Vincent, Sarah E. Wenner, Faris Saadeh, and Creasman published The Treasury Tombs Excavation: Al-Khazne Tomb 62.C and the Chronology of the Nabataeans in Archaeology in Jordan 5, pp. 101–103. Its accessible ACOR publication page confirms the authors and bibliographic details, providing a more up-to-date scholarly entry point than the original news cycle.
What Archaeologists Found Beneath Petra's Treasury
The renewed investigations brought attention to human bones, ceramic vessels, and associated objects recorded inside a buried chamber. The significance of such finds depends on their location and relationship to the architecture. A ceramic fragment from a securely recorded layer may help reconstruct a sequence of occupation more effectively than a beautiful but unprovenanced object.
Researchers examine not only what was recovered but also where it was recovered: against a chamber wall, in a burial position, among disturbed remains, or in later sediment. This is especially important for a tomb that was opened or altered in antiquity. The excavation's careful documentation allows different interpretations to be evaluated rather than assumed.
What Do the Skeletons Tell Us About Nabataean Life?
Human skeletal remains can help specialists estimate aspects of age at death, identify certain pathological conditions, and investigate injury or nutritional stress. Patterns across a burial population can suggest how individuals were selected for a shared tomb, although such conclusions require adequate samples and careful comparison.
The 2005 publication describes at least eleven individuals in Tomb 62C, including adults and subadults, and notes substantial disturbance. The 2024 announcement refers to approximately twelve skeletons recovered or documented through the renewed work. These observations should be read in context rather than treated as a simple contradiction or as proof of twenty-three entirely separate people.
Some accounts refer to unusually complete remains, but this does not establish that the burial chamber as a whole remained untouched. An individual skeleton can be relatively well preserved even where deposits elsewhere show looting or rearrangement. Taphonomy—the study of what happened to remains after burial—is therefore essential to interpretation.
Was This a Family Tomb or a Royal Burial?
A collective burial can raise the possibility of kinship, successive generations, or a shared social identity. It does not, by itself, identify a royal family. The monumental Treasury facade makes an elite connection tempting, but there is no securely published identification of the buried individuals as Aretas IV, members of his household, or any other named Nabataean ruler.
Finding biological relatives would also be different from identifying their historical rank. Even if genetic testing eventually established family relationships, determining royal status would need inscriptions, historical evidence, and an archaeological context that specifically links the individuals with a named dynasty.
The So-Called Holy Grail: What Was the Ceramic Object?
One pottery find received extraordinary media attention because it resembled a fictional cup in the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, which famously used Petra as a cinematic setting. The resemblance encouraged headlines suggesting that a sacred object had emerged beneath the Treasury. That interpretation has no archaeological basis.
Excavation director Pearce Paul Creasman clarified to Al Jazeera in its October 2024 report that the object was a juglet, not a chalice. It was a recognizable ancient ceramic vessel, not the Holy Grail. Other institutional reporting describes it as part of a broken jug.
 |
| Schematic illustration of an ancient-style pottery jug. It does not depict the actual vessel recovered beneath Petra's Treasury. |
This distinction is more than a correction of a sensational story. Pottery specialists can study the form, fabric, firing, surface treatment, and find context of such an object. Where comparative examples are securely dated, pottery can contribute to establishing when activity occurred within a tomb.
Why Ordinary Pottery Can Be Extraordinary Evidence
Vessels might be associated with ceremonies, personal possessions, food or drink, or successive periods of burial use. But an excavated jug does not announce its original function. Archaeologists must determine whether it was deliberately placed near a deceased person, introduced with later sediment, or moved during disturbance.
Microscopic residues or comparative funerary material may help refine the interpretation, where preservation and sampling permit. The vessel's importance lies in its contribution to a documented burial assemblage, not in any supposed connection to medieval European legend.
Grave Goods and Nabataean Funerary Practices
Petra's funerary landscape includes monumental facades, simpler rock-cut graves, burial chambers, and sites showing repeated visitation or reuse. Excavated pottery, jewelry, lamps, metal objects, and other materials can illuminate mourning and remembrance, but no one type of deposit represents all Nabataean funerals.
Repeated use of a burial chamber can produce a complicated record. People may have rearranged earlier remains to create space, repaired floors, installed additional features, or revisited an ancestral location. Floodwater and looting could further disturb deposits. Researchers therefore distinguish intentional funerary acts from later changes that left a similar physical trace.
The Petra Museum's official exhibitions page identifies a gallery devoted to the Nabataean zenith. Its displays address the Treasury, rock-cut tombs, and aspects of funerary life, placing the archaeological discoveries within the wider history of Nabataean society.
Why the Find Does Not Prove the Tomb Contained Treasure
Archaeological significance is not measured by gold or precious stones. An inscription, a small vessel, or a carefully recorded tooth can contribute more to historical knowledge than an expensive object removed without context. The Treasury's legendary name should not distort the interpretation of the burials beneath it.
The research points toward questions of architecture, death, and community, not a secret hoard. No credible publication establishes that Tomb 62C contained a treasure store of the kind imagined in later stories. Archaeologists evaluate the evidence through excavation records rather than treating the monument's nickname as an account of its ancient function.
How the Buried Tombs May Change the Chronology of Al-Khazneh
One of the most important questions is how the underground tombs relate to the facade carved above them. The tombs may not all have been created at the same time. Some lower features could predate the final arrangement of the courtyard and facade, while others may reflect subsequent modifications or reuse.
Where one architectural feature cuts through another, archaeologists can often establish a sequence of relative dates. A later cut must postdate the stone or deposit it interrupts. This principle is especially valuable at Petra because not every construction phase left an inscription naming a patron and year.
Why Burial Layers Cannot Simply Date the Treasury Facade
Even a reliable laboratory date from a burial may not be the date when Al-Khazneh's monumental exterior was carved. The sampled material may belong to an older grave, a later disturbance, or the gradual filling of a chamber. Archaeologists must first understand how each dated deposit relates to construction.
The excavation and survey reports therefore investigate sequences of use and reuse rather than promising one definitive year for the entire monument. That careful approach guards against both overconfident early dates and unsupported claims that every buried chamber was made after the facade.
OSL, Radiocarbon Dating, and Scientific Sampling at Petra
The renewed excavation included samples for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, radiocarbon analysis, and possible ancient DNA work. The ACOR newsletter of September 2025 states that specialists were collecting and analyzing evidence to refine the history of the site. It does not justify inventing precise results for every sample or announcing identities before relevant studies are published.
How OSL Helps Reconstruct Sediment History
OSL estimates when suitable mineral grains, commonly quartz or feldspar, were last exposed to light before burial. The technique can provide chronological information about sediment deposition and, in suitable conditions, episodes connected with construction or reuse. It does not read a date directly from a carved sandstone wall.
A sequence of dated layers may constrain when a space was filled or altered. Such estimates are strongest when the original depositional conditions are understood and samples are taken in clearly recorded stratigraphic positions.
What Radiocarbon Dating Can and Cannot Establish
Radiocarbon analysis dates suitable once-living material, not stone. Charcoal, bone collagen, and other organic remains may provide evidence for events associated with a burial, but their presence does not necessarily mean that the surrounding architecture was built at exactly the same moment.
Old material can be reused, redeposited, or introduced through later disturbance. Laboratory dates must therefore be evaluated alongside the archaeological sequence. A credible chronological argument is a synthesis of several kinds of evidence, not a single isolated number.
Could Ancient DNA Identify a Nabataean Family?
Ancient DNA studies could potentially reveal biological relationships if sufficient preserved genetic material exists and rigorous contamination controls are followed. Such testing might clarify whether some individuals shared ancestry. It cannot, by itself, reveal a historical name, political office, or membership in a royal dynasty.
DNA research also carries ethical and interpretive responsibilities. Human remains should be sampled only under appropriate authorization and with a clear scholarly purpose. Public interest in the Treasury does not remove those obligations.
Did King Aretas IV Commission the Treasury?
The reign of Aretas IV remains a major chronological reference point for Petra's monumental architecture. Yet the identification of him as the Treasury's patron is a hypothesis, not an excavated dedication. Dating a monument broadly to a ruler's era cannot prove that he ordered its construction, or that he was buried beneath it.
The possible sequence between earlier lower tombs and the elaborate facade could eventually help refine the historical debate. But until architectural, chronological, and inscriptional evidence converge, a responsible article must avoid transforming an attractive possibility into an established identification.
Nabataean Architecture as a Meeting Point of Local and Hellenistic Traditions
The Treasury's facade incorporates forms familiar from the Hellenistic Mediterranean while remaining unmistakably part of Petra's local architectural environment. Nabataean patrons and craftsmen adapted columns, pediments, decorative carving, and rock-cut construction into a dramatic public composition.
 |
| AI-generated architectural illustration of Al-Khazneh highlighting the monumental carved facade and Hellenistic-influenced design. |
The archaeology of the buried tombs adds depth to this interpretation. Spectacular facades present the external image of patronage and remembrance; excavated chambers bring us closer to practices that took place inside and beneath the monument. Both are needed for a fuller history of Petra.
How Ground-Penetrating Radar Helps Archaeologists Investigate Petra
Ground-penetrating radar sends electromagnetic pulses into the ground and analyzes reflected signals. Distinct materials, voids, and buried boundaries can produce recognizable patterns. Used with other geophysical techniques, the method helps archaeologists locate areas that merit further investigation without first excavating every part of a vulnerable site.
The February 2024 work employed both radar and electromagnetic conductivity survey. As the 2024 ACOR field report explains, the surveys also supported planning for flood-control and site-management measures near the Siq and Treasury court.
 |
| Conceptual AI-generated illustration of subsurface archaeological surveying at Petra; not a photograph of the equipment or team used in 2024. |
Why a Radar Anomaly Is Not Automatically a Tomb
Subsurface anomalies can reflect changes in geology, compacted sediment, masonry, or empty spaces. Their meaning depends on shape, depth, physical conditions, and other available observations. A radar survey is not a direct photograph of a sealed chamber, and no responsible archaeologist can identify the occupant of a grave from a signal alone.
Excavation supplies the necessary physical check, often called ground-truthing. The 2024 project used targeted digging to test interpretations suggested by the survey. Even after excavation, some anomalies may remain uncertain because opening every suspected feature would be destructive or impractical.
Three-Dimensional Recording and a Better Map of the Treasury
Digital surveys and high-resolution three-dimensional documentation can connect the facade, courtyard, and buried architecture within one measurable model. Such records make it easier to compare levels, entrances, earlier cuts, and subsequent modifications without repeatedly disturbing the site.
ACOR's 2025 account described new collaborative digital work in the Siq and at the Treasury. Modern recording improves the detail of documentation, but a reconstruction remains partly interpretive where sections are missing. Researchers must distinguish measured features from proposed restorations when presenting such models to the public.
What the Treasury Excavation Reveals About Nabataean Society
Monumental tombs show how important remembrance and public display could be in Nabataean Petra, but architecture does not reveal every aspect of the people buried there. Human remains can contribute information about health and age, while grave goods and the organization of a chamber suggest how burial space was used.
The presence of multiple individuals may reflect kinship, repeated use, or other social arrangements. To evaluate those possibilities, archaeologists compare bones, objects, depositional layers, and, where suitable, scientific analyses. The key is to resist assigning a family identity merely because a tomb looks monumental.
Why the Jordanian Excavations of 2003 and 2005 Matter
One of the most important lessons from the renewed project is the continuity of archaeological research. The 2003 season identified the buried architecture; the 2005 excavations documented human remains and earlier disturbance; the 2024 work expanded the investigation using geophysical survey, scientific sampling, and modern recording.
This chronology gives proper credit to Jordanian researchers and helps readers distinguish the date of a discovery from the date it became international news. The site's history belongs to more than one team, institution, or media production.
Water, Tourism, and Conservation at the Petra Treasury
Petra's sandstone setting is visually extraordinary but also vulnerable. Erosion, runoff, and seasonal flash floods can affect architectural surfaces and buried deposits. Visitor movement and site infrastructure add further management challenges. Protecting the monument requires information about both visible structures and the archaeology underground.
The UNESCO site record describes the property's heritage importance and threats to conservation. Research near the Treasury must account for modern drainage and access while avoiding unnecessary damage to ancient layers and human remains.
Controlled excavation itself changes the archaeological record. Once soil has been removed, its original relationships cannot simply be restored. That is why written records, photographs, measurements, scientific samples, and appropriate conservation are essential—not optional paperwork after a dramatic discovery.
What Remains Unanswered Beneath Petra's Treasury?
The first continuing question is chronology: exactly when were the lower tombs created, and how did their construction relate to the carving of the facade? The second is identity: who were the people buried there, and what, if any, biological and social relationships connected them?
A third question concerns function and patronage. The evidence supports a significant funerary setting but does not conclusively identify the Treasury's original commissioner. A fourth question concerns potential subsurface features suggested by remote sensing. Not every anomaly has been archaeologically verified, and further work must balance research with conservation.
These are meaningful unresolved problems. They need no invented secret codes or claims that archaeologists have discovered a legendary treasure. The ongoing work is about reconstructing a complex ancient landscape through testable evidence.
Frequently Asked Questions About the Petra Treasury Excavation
What did archaeologists find at Petra's Treasury in 2024?
The renewed excavation investigated Tomb 62C and documented human remains and associated objects. The project also collected samples and recorded the underground architecture in greater detail, building on work conducted in 2003 and 2005.
Was Tomb 62C discovered for the first time in 2024?
No. The Jordanian Department of Antiquities identified it in 2003, and the chamber was partly excavated in 2005. The 2024 work was a new phase of research, not the first recognition of the tomb.
How many skeletons were discovered?
The 2005 study recorded at least eleven individuals in Tomb 62C. A 2024 university announcement reported approximately twelve skeletons in the renewed work. Those figures should not simply be added together without a specialist review of the total assemblage.
Was an ancient Holy Grail found under the Treasury?
No. A ceramic juglet drew media attention because it resembled a fictional film prop. Researchers identified it as an ordinary ancient vessel rather than a religious relic.
Was the Treasury originally a royal tomb?
A funerary or commemorative function is a serious interpretation, but the original patron and intended occupant remain unidentified. The monument's grandeur does not prove that a particular king was buried there.
Do the remains belong to King Aretas IV?
No published evidence securely links the individuals in Tomb 62C to Aretas IV. His reign remains important for the general architectural history of Petra, but the identification of a ruler requires stronger evidence.
How old are the tombs beneath Al-Khazneh?
They belong to the Nabataean archaeological landscape, but their construction and reuse have multiple phases. Researchers are refining the sequence through architecture, pottery, sediments, and scientific dating rather than claiming a single exact year for everything below the courtyard.
Can ground-penetrating radar prove the existence of another tomb?
No. Radar identifies subsurface anomalies that may suggest walls, voids, or other features. Targeted excavation or other archaeological evidence is required to establish their character.
Could DNA identify relatives buried in Tomb 62C?
It may help establish biological relationships if suitable material survives, but DNA cannot independently provide names, royal rank, or the original purpose of the tomb. Any result requires careful publication and contextual interpretation.
Why is the Treasury excavation important?
It offers new evidence about burial practices, phases of construction and reuse, and the history of one of Petra's most famous monumental settings. It also illustrates the value of continued Jordanian-led and international collaborative research.
Is the buried chamber open to tourists?
Access to excavation areas depends on decisions by the responsible Jordanian authorities and conservation needs. Visitors should not assume that the excavated chamber forms part of an ordinary public tour.
Conclusion: What the Evidence Beneath Al-Khazneh Really Changes
Petra's Treasury remains one of the most admired monuments of the ancient world, but its buried courtyard reminds us that architectural beauty is only part of the historical record. The structures beneath the facade contain information about death, memory, changing uses of space, and the sequence through which a monumental setting took shape.
The story did not begin in 2024. Jordanian research in 2003 and 2005 provided the crucial foundation; newer geophysical and archaeological investigations deepened that knowledge. Reports published in 2025 and 2026 make it possible to place dramatic media headlines within a more reliable chronology.
No current evidence proves that the tomb held the Holy Grail, that the buried people were members of a named royal dynasty, or that every radar anomaly represents a further chamber. Those claims are not necessary. The documented pottery, human remains, architecture, and scientific samples already make the site exceptionally valuable.
The real discovery beneath Petra's Treasury is a more complex and better documented history of the Nabataeans—not a legendary treasure. As further work proceeds, the most important advances will come from transparent archaeological records, carefully evaluated science, conservation, and recognition of the researchers who made each stage of the investigation possible.
Scientific Sources and Further Reading
These research reports, museum resources, and institutional publications document the excavations and support the historical and scientific interpretation presented above.
- Jordan Department of Antiquities — Report on the Al-Khazna Courtyard Excavation at Petra (2003 Season). Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 49 (2005), 373–393.
- American Center of Research — Petra "Expedition Unknown" Episodes: Learn More. Clarification of excavation history and the contributions of Jordanian teams.
- Farajat and Nawafleh — The Excavations of the Al-Khazna Courtyard in Petra, Jordan: Second Season 2005. Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology 19(1), 2025; publication record and abstract.
- Bala'awi, Bates, Braizat, Vincent, and Creasman — Remote Sensing at the Treasury in Petra. ACOR Newsletter 36.1, September 2024; PDF.
- University of St Andrews — Researchers Discover Hidden Tomb at Petra. University news release, 15 October 2024.
- Creasman — Shining New Light on Petra's Treasury. ACOR Newsletter 37.1, September 2025; PDF.
- Vincent, Wenner, Saadeh, and Creasman — The Treasury Tombs Excavation: Al-Khazne Tomb 62.C and the Chronology of the Nabataeans. Archaeology in Jordan 5, 2026, 101–103.
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre — Petra. Historical setting, architectural significance, and site conservation context.
- Petra Museum — Exhibitions. Official overview including Gallery 4, Nabataean Zenith.
- Al Jazeera — What's So Spectacular About the New Tomb Discovery in Jordan's Petra?. Contemporary reporting and clarification of the ceramic juglet.
For a broader discussion in Arabic of rock-cut burials in Petra and other ancient cultures, see Rock-Cut Tombs Across Ancient Civilizations: Architecture, Symbolism, and Uses. This cross-language reading is complementary, not a translation of the present excavation study.
